The 2007 USADA Annual Symposium focused on oxygen transport and energy production with discussions on detection of blood doping and recombinant EPO, mitochondrial manipulation, and intra-individual reference ranges and longitudinal approaches to hematological and steroid parameters. Through these dynamic sessions, participants from the medical and science communities were able to gather and discuss the science behind doping with the potential for developing a uniform testing scheme, as well as a research agenda and timeline, to make the science and legal aspects of testing more efficient.